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The orbit of the SCORE communication satellite launched by the Atlas rocket is extremely low, with a perigee of only 185 kilometers and an apogee of 1400 kilometers. This is to make the quality of the satellite radio signal received by the ground as strong as possible.However, despite this, the broadcast voice signal it retransmits is still extremely weak, and only professional high-gain radio equipment can hear Eisenhower's voice, and the sound quality is not as good as Forward One/Forward One.
"SCORE is the world's first dedicated orbital relay communication satellite. Its success shows that the space technology of the United States is at the same level as that of the Soviet Union, and our satellite level has surpassed Sputnik [-] or [-]."
Roy Johnson, director of the ARPA satellite office and head of the SCORE project, said confidently in an interview with reporters.
Reporter: "Mr. Johnson, do you mean that the US satellite level has already left China behind?"
"Of course! China has only launched two technology verification satellites, and SCORE is a... well, a communication technology verification satellite, but anyway, it is the world's first communication satellite. The world's first record in the field."
……
"Communication satellites can be used as relay stations to transmit electromagnetic wave signals, so that reliable, high-speed communication channels can be established between multiple ground stations. Communication satellites can be divided into two categories: low-orbit communication satellites and geostationary orbit communication satellites. , geostationary orbit satellites are the most useful form of communications satellites at this stage.”
Now that the United States is bragging about the SCORE satellite, Tang Hua also wrote a popular science article about what's going on.
"Radio communication is carried out between two points on the ground. Electromagnetic waves have to pass through the dense atmosphere. There are also influencing factors such as the curvature of the earth and mountain barriers between the two points. These will affect the quality of communication, and even make communication completely unreachable. .”
"And if the sender points the antenna to a certain point in space and sends electromagnetic waves to the geostationary satellite, the satellite will automatically amplify the electromagnetic wave signal by 100 times or 1000 times after receiving it, and transmit it at the same time; the receiver also points the receiving antenna at the satellite. ..."
"At this time, we discovered that electromagnetic waves only need to pass through the atmosphere with a thickness of about 100 kilometers twice. In other words, in theory, when the wireless communication distance is greater than 200 kilometers, such as between Beijing and Zhengzhou Wireless telegraphy, the effect of direct communication between them is not as good as relaying with communication satellites."
"The 'Skoll' communication satellite recently launched by the United States is not a geostationary orbit satellite operating at an altitude of 35800 kilometers at an inclination angle of 0, but a low-earth orbit satellite. Its position is changing all the time, so the ground communication terminal You can’t use a directional antenna because we can’t point it where it is.”
"This low-Earth orbit communication satellite may have an unexpected role in the future, but now its role is probably only as a repeater."
……
The importance of synchronous satellites is emphasized because China and the Soviet Union are likely to be the first to launch synchronous communication satellites in 1959.
At that time, whether it is weight, orbital height or real communication effect, SCORE can be crushed without any suspense.
At the end of 1958, the State Council and the State Planning Commission also made another big move: from the current national budget, some extra money was allocated to the satellite and launch vehicle projects, which is about 3000 million yuan more per year, based on the old money According to the price calculation results, we can play two more Long March-2 plus satellites.
However, compared with the U.S. allocating $10 billion as "start-up funds" after the establishment of NASA, China's space funding is still two orders of magnitude less than that of the United States.
"Two orders of magnitude less doesn't matter at all. The less money we spend, the greater the psychological trauma Americans will suffer." This is what Qian Xuesen said.
Tang Hua: "This involves a question, should we...should we allow the National People's Congress to announce the aerospace budget?"
……
Tibet, Zha Nang. December 12.
Before New Year's Day, the Tibet Military Region delivered a batch of supplies from Lhasa to the garrison troops in Shannan, transported by a car company, escorted by the third battalion and one company of the 155th Regiment, and led by the deputy head of the 155th Regiment.
Now the Tibet Military Region has figured out that the vast mountainous countryside to the south of Shannan is the base camp of the Guards and Teaching Army, but at present there are only 5 regular regiments of our army in Tibet, and it is impossible to mobilize mobile troops to encircle and suppress such a large area. It will take two or three months before a large number of troops enter Tibet to permanently solve the problem of the Educational Guards.
Therefore, the more than 1100 people in the two battalions stationed in Shannan are particularly important. As long as this outpost exists, the development momentum of the Guards will be greatly restricted.
At dusk, the temperature was minus one or two degrees, the north wind was level 5, and the altitude was 3700 meters. The environment was very harsh.
The soldiers of the 400rd Battalion and [-]st Company looked around vigilantly from their trucks and jeeps.Suddenly there was an explosion more than [-] meters in front of the convoy, and the jeep going forward to reconnaissance crushed a mine and was attacked!
"It's an ambush by the guards!" Yu Yongyao, the deputy head of the regiment, ordered a company of guards and soldiers to get off the car quickly and occupy a favorable position on both sides of the road.As soon as the light machine gun was set up, dense gunshots sounded from the mountains on both sides of the road.
The rebels originally wanted to make dumplings for the entire convoy, but the reconnaissance jeeps of the third battalion and one company walked more than 400 meters ahead of the convoy headquarters. The jeep hit a mine and entered the center of the encirclement, but the convoy did not enter the encirclement.
"Our transport team is west of Zha Nang. The road near Zongjin Village was attacked by rebels. The leading jeep was blown up by a landmine. The number of rebels was more than 1000. They were fighting fiercely with our guards. Please approach and respond to me quickly. !” Yu Yongyao reported to Lhasa through the car radio.
After the jeep hit the landmine, 4 of the 3 fighters on board survived and fired at the rebels on both sides with their semi-automatic rifles and submachine guns.
The rebels used thousands of rifles of various types to fire salvos—originally, the American consultants had set the size of each rebel army at 600 men, but the rebels had recruited former serf owners everywhere in Tibet, and many serf owners let their servants join the rebels. There were even serf owners who joined the rebels themselves.As a result, the number of rebels not only expanded to more than 1000, but also a lot of miscellaneous guns.
The rebels on the mountain fired at the jeep and the convoy with volleys of guns, and the guards also fired back. When a series of two 60mm mortars were deployed and the first shells were fired, the rebels began to waver.
"Stay steady! Don't run away, I'll kill whoever runs away!" The "Daiben" Gonpo Tashi of the Guards Army waved his M1911A1 pistol and shot a small leader who was about to flee backwards, "Du San Let's go! If you spread out the mortars, you won't be able to hit so many people!"
The firepower of the two 60-gun guns was indeed too weak. The rebel Daiben personally supervised the battle to stabilize his position. More than 300 rebels rushed down from the mountain wielding rifles and Tibetan knives, attacking the car company and the first company.
……
Qinghai, Yushu Airport.
After receiving the request for help forwarded by the Tibet Military Region, Yushu Airport immediately took off four Il-4 bombers and flew into Tibet for air support.
"The battle took place 15 kilometers west of Zha Nang, in a village called Zongjin, at this place on the map," the navigator pointed at the map, "However, there are no obvious landmarks near Zha Nang and Zongqing, and it's almost daytime. blacken!"
Captain: "We have to find a way to contact the ground troops and see if they can use a bonfire to show us the relative position at night!"
"I'm afraid the bonfire can't solve the problem. It's not that we can't tell who is the enemy and who is me, but we can't find where Zha Nang is at all!"
……
Shannan.
Shannan City is 35 kilometers away from Zha Nang and 50 kilometers away from the road at Zongjin Village.
After receiving the call for help, the Shannan City Garrison sent two reinforcement companies to immediately march towards Zha Nang. However, since the enemy situation on both sides of the road was unknown, jeeps had to be the guide, and the reconnaissance took one step at a time. After walking for more than three hours for the 50-kilometer journey, we arrived at Zongjin at 9:[-] pm.
The 12.7mm heavy machine guns on the jeeps of the Shannan reinforcements swept violently, and the exhausted rebels finally dispersed, leaving nearly 300 corpses and dozens of mourning wounded rebels on the ground.
The same exhausted automobile company, the third battalion and the first company joined the reinforcements.
"This group of rebels has about 1500 people, occupying the commanding heights and laying landmines on the road," Zhang Hai, the company commander of the third battalion and the first company, reported to the head of the 157th regiment who came to help. "Fortunately, their landmines are not cable mines, otherwise we The convoy will all enter the ambush circle, and the losses will be even greater."
"During the battle, the rebels rushed down the mountain three times and attacked us. We used automatic firearms to push them back each time. Before the third impact, our bullets were almost consumed. If it weren't for the supplies delivered There's four truckloads of bullets in there, and we probably won't be able to shoot 'em back."
Although the battle ended with the dispersal of the rebels, the result of this battle was not very good.In the second charge of the rebels, Yu Yongyao, the commander of the transport team and deputy head of the 155th regiment, was shot in the head and died. A total of 17 cadres and soldiers of the entire unit died and 40 were injured.
The rebels were just driven away but not wiped out, which means that the rebels hid somewhere to take a breather for a while, and then came out to engage in sabotage activities.
……
Yushu Airport.
Four Il-28s flew into Tibet, did nothing, and flew back.Due to the poor conditions at Yushu Airport at this time, it was very dangerous for bombers to land at night, and the Il-28 was forced to fly before landing.
All the bombs with the insurance opened were dropped on the nearby barren hills.
The barren hills near here are actually quite familiar to the Air Force Unit. In early 1958, there were still many rebels carrying guns on the hills around Yushu Airport. Our troops were suppressing bandits while repairing the airport. Kill the last of the rebels.
"It was almost completely dark when we took off, and it was completely dark when we entered Tibet. We could only roughly determine the course and position by radio navigation signals," the squadron leader commanding the formation reported to his superiors. Find out where Zha Nang and Zong Jin are."
The squadron leader's tone was very frustrated.
"The pilot is not responsible for this incident," the commander of the 5th Air Division reported to the Tibet Military Region. "Our army's navigation and positioning system over Tibet at night is not perfect. In fact, when bombing during the day, the ground landmark database has not been established completely. It’s not easy for bombers to find their way, and it’s even more difficult at night.”
……
Beijing.General Staff.