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"The Miri Design Bureau recently persuaded the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union to decide to replace the piston engine with a turboshaft engine on the basis of the Mi-4. Have you all read this report?"
Ma Zhen: "We understand. Our helicopters must continue to develop. Piston engines are heavy and have low power. It is natural to evolve to turboshafts."
Tang Hua: "Comrade Mikhail Mir is a very powerful helicopter designer. We must not only learn to manufacture the helicopters he designed, but also learn his ideas and methods of designing helicopters. I remember that Hafei sent 4 people to the Soviet Union for training. and internships, two in Miri and two in Kamov."
Xu Dixing, chief engineer and director of the design department: "They went to the Soviet Union for a two-year training, more than half of it has passed, and they will come back in March next year."
Tang Hua nodded: "When they come back, I will send you there too."
Xu Dixing: ...
The so-called turboshafting of the Mi-4 helicopter engine has a lot of tricks in it.Comrade Mikhail Mir is an extremely cunning guy. At that time, the Soviet military used the Mi-4 very well, and felt that the failure rate was much lower than those prototype helicopters, and it was very easy to use.As for the problem of slow speed and low load, the Soviet army didn't think it was bad because there was no reference object.
In short, the Soviet army did not want to change the Mi-4, so Mikhail made an excuse to change the Mi-4 engine, and the Soviet Council of Ministers agreed.
After a few years, as soon as the "turboshafted Mi-4" came out, everyone found that there was nothing the same as the Mi-4 except for the seats.
This is Mi-8.The improved versions of Mi-8 are Mi-17 and Mi-171, which are still in production and are the helicopters with the highest output in the world.
Tang Hua: "The turboshaft version of the Miri Design Bureau's new helicopter may be about to fly for the first time. When you go to the Miri Design Bureau for an internship, you should be able to see the prototype they are testing. So choose this time to send you off Go for an internship and exchange, and bring this helicopter back when you come back."
Ma Zhen: "So the current Mi-4 and Zhi-2 will continue to be produced?"
Tang Hua: "Let's maintain the current speed of 6 in three months. Some special forces need to use it, but the usage is not too large."
……
Now the Military Commission is looking for four use occasions for helicopters: looking for warheads in the Northwest Missile Experimental Base; special operations of special forces at the level of the military region; search and rescue in the sea near the port when there is a shipwreck; anti-submarine/sea search carrier-based aircraft on Type 58 destroyers .
In fact, there are only three occasions now.Fourth, if the Type 58 destroyer is equipped with Mi-4/Zhi-2, it will not be of much use at all. Let it be used as a naval helicopter to accumulate experience.
As for the concepts of assault force and armed helicopters in the army aviation, Tang Hua did not clearly state them in the report to the Military Commission, but only said that helicopters still have wider application prospects.
For air assault tactics and armed helicopters, there must be a certain war or conflict as an example. At that time, it is good to say how broad the prospects of these two applications are.
The work to be done now is to let Hafei develop as soon as possible. After introducing the Mi-8 thoroughly, it will be modified: Slightly flatten it and use it as an anti-submarine helicopter for a destroyer; ;Those two engines are installed on a small muscular body, which is an armed helicopter-in fact, this is how the Mi-24 came about; after thoroughly understanding the engine and improving its performance, the Mi-17 and 171 will come out slowly .
……
Beijing.
"Director Qian, we have done a preliminary study of the technical data of the RD-107, and it seems that this engine...is average?"
Ren Xinmin put the performance parameters of RD-107 on the table.
Qian Xuesen also read the information on RD-107 before, and when Ren Xinmin said this, he replied: "Don't forget that this is a liquid oxygen kerosene engine. It must first solve the problem of carbon deposits in the combustion chamber, and the problem of carbon deposits in unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine. It's not that serious... Besides, the specific impulse per second of this RD-107 is already very close to the 3-ton engine used by our Dongfeng-120."
Ren Xinmin: "In addition, the unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine-nitrogen tetroxide engine has another advantage. Its fuel and oxidant are stored at room temperature, while the liquid oxygen tank of RD-107 must be a cryogenic chamber."
Qian Xuesen: "So I have been thinking these days, what should we do with the next generation of rocket engines. Actually, I don't think it is a good idea to copy all RD-107."
"One pump and four jets feel that the limit is almost reached. When the 120-ton engine is working, the power consumed by the fuel pump is huge. The momentum it pumps fuel into the combustion chamber can provide a lot of thrust for the launch vehicle. Dongfeng-5 The layout of the four engines is much better, which is equivalent to four pumps and four injections."
The Dongfeng-5 mentioned by Ren Xinmin is an intercontinental missile with a range of 12000 kilometers. Moving forward, Dongfeng-4 is a 2000-kilometer intermediate missile with a solid propellant, and Dongfeng-3 is a long-range guided missile with a range of 5500 kilometers. Prototypes are already being produced. By the end of the year It's about to do a segment test flight.
Qian Xuesen: "What I'm struggling with now is whether the thrust of the four engines of Dongfeng-5 is more than 70 tons. As an intercontinental missile, the total thrust of 300 tons and the missile's weight of 180 to 200 tons are completely sufficient. But as a launch vehicle, the total 300 tons of thrust is still not enough.”
Ren Xinmin: "Like Korolev's 8K71 series of rockets, with four bundled boosters, the total thrust is 600 tons, which is enough to propel a carrier rocket with a self-weight of about 450 tons to the sky."
Qian Xuesen: "I think the total thrust will reach 800 tons in the bundled configuration..."
……
Qian Xuesen was considering readjusting the original Dongfeng-5/Long March-3 engine plan. With his adjustment, both Fulalkite Steel and Benxi Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. started to move.
Whether using UDM or kerosene engines, the stronger the materials for the combustion chamber and tailpipe, the better the performance of the rocket engine.The core components of the engine—the fuel pump and the oxidizer pump—are even more particular. Not only do they have extremely high material requirements, but they also have to test machining accuracy and design levels.
"Solid-solution strengthened alloy, as a rocket engine combustion chamber material, requires a maximum service temperature of 1320 degrees Celsius. At a temperature of 1000 degrees Celsius, the tensile strength is still not less than 140MPa, and the tensile strength at room temperature is 850MPa."
"Aging-strengthened alloys are used at temperatures between minus 253 degrees Celsius and minus 950 degrees Celsius. As the turbine disk material for the main pump of the engine, the maximum yield strength is required to be no less than 900 MPa at a temperature of 650 degrees Celsius, and not less than 250 MPa at minus 490 degrees Celsius..."
The technical department of the special steel plant of Benxi Iron and Steel Company saw these material performance requirements tables, and everyone's faces were filled with sorrowful expressions.
"It's a high-temperature alloy again." "It's more stringent than the requirements put forward last year."
"The Iron and Steel Industry Bureau gave rough technical information and a roadmap." "You think you can follow that roadmap, but you have to figure it out yourself."
The chief engineer of the special steel factory: "Everyone, please be quiet. I want to emphasize one more thing. This time, for the special steel products, what we got was not an order book, but a tender document."
Engineers: ? ?
Chief engineer: "The three companies participating in the bidding are Benxi Iron and Steel, Fulaerji, and Wuhan Iron and Steel. Whoever wins wins. Whoever loses... There is no work to do."
……
Baikonur.
1958 9 Month 1 Day.
The first Luna carrier rocket was assembled in the workshop three days ago, transported to the launch pad and erected.After the weather forecast confirmed that today is the space launch window, the rocket began to refuel in the early hours of the morning.
No matter what kind of launch vehicle in the Soviet Union, the first stage looks basically the same: the four pointed boosters are not center-symmetrical, but slanted to one side. The booster and the five liquid oxygen kerosene engines on the main rocket body can generate nearly 5 tons of thrust, which is currently the rocket with the largest capacity on the earth.
月球号火箭比发射人造卫星-1、2、3号的8K71PS火箭长很多。科罗廖夫早就进行过计算，这个系列的火箭可以大胆增重，第一级火箭还有很大的承载潜力。
Now the Moon rocket is also three-stage, and the third stage will accelerate the load to a speed of 11.2 km/s and go straight to the moon.The name of the payload is the Lunar No. 360 probe, and it weighs [-] kilograms. There are actually no other instruments except the radio transmitter.If all goes well, the Luna-[-] probe will break away from the third stage rocket when it is fully aligned, and then crash directly into the front of the moon, adding a pimple to the moon's face.
The other functions... are gone.Anyway, it is an experiment, taking into account the achievement of "the first man-made object sent to the moon".
September 9 at 1 p.m.The launch site sounded the alarm, and the last reminder to clear the site.
At 4:15 p.m., the Luna launch vehicle ignited.About half a year ago, the rocket slowly left the launch pad and rose into the sky.Just when the rocket was about to leave people's sight,... boom, a ball of fire exploded from the sky.
The Luna rocket disintegrated and blew up after 95 seconds of flight.
Chapter 192, The Emergency Situation of the Measurement and Control Station
The news of the explosion of the first Luna rocket was not announced by the Soviet Union to the outside world.
Now there is neither a reconnaissance satellite nor a U-2 that happened to fly to Baikonur, so the United States is not quite sure what happened, and basically only the top leaders of China and the Soviet Union know.
The reason for the rocket explosion is not clear yet. After 93 seconds of flight, the Luna has flown out of the tracking range of Baikonur’s optical tracking lens. There is only a fire-breathing luminous point in the film, and the rocket itself has no any details.
Another way to find out the cause of the accident is to analyze the wreckage. More than 3000 people from the Soviet military were picking up garbage in southern Kazakhstan, but it is estimated that it will take a month to pick up the garbage. long.
The Soviet Union felt that it could not afford to wait, so it directly pulled the second rocket and the Luna-9 B star to Baikonur, preparing to try another one to try its luck.With [-] Lunar rockets in hand, the General Machinery Manufacturing Department of the Soviet Union naturally felt rich and powerful, but Qian Xuesen couldn't sit still.
A few months ago, Tang Hua and Qian Xuesen negotiated in the Soviet Union that if the Soviet lunar mission successfully launched two spacecraft with less than nine rockets, then the extra Moon rockets could be converted into synchronous satellite launch vehicles.I don't know if the Soviet Union remembered this, but Qian Xuesen thought about it every day.
"Comrade Korolev, regarding the accident of the first Lunar rocket, we are very concerned about the results of the investigation and hope to learn from the design of China's large rockets."