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The Soviet Academy of Sciences issued a bulletin expressing its views.
"William Shockley proposed the basic principles of quantum mechanics of transistors, and made a small batch of transistors in the laboratory, but that was only a laboratory sample. Tang Hua completely innovated the structure of transistors. More importantly, He also manufactured a transistor computer. It is no exaggeration to say that Tang Hua’s contribution to computers is greater than that of those three people.”
Lev Landau also wrote a small article, which was followed by the official announcement of the USSR Academy of Sciences when it was published.
"This is a prejudice against the Chinese scientific community in Western countries."
As the president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guo Moruo personally wrote an article and published it in the People's Daily, stating that Tang Hua is fully qualified to win the Nobel Prize.
……
Now it was Tang Hua's turn to hesitate.
Do I have to write a short essay myself?
...Of course it's not about calling yourself wrong.
I wrote a small article and published it in the journal of the Soviet Union. This is a bilingual English-Russian magazine that is simultaneously delivered to the United Kingdom and the United States.
Let's talk about the historical significance of transistors.Shockley, Bardeen, and Bratton are eligible, and the transistor is eligible for the Nobel Prize in Physics. This is the first thing to say.
"First of all, I would like to express my sincere congratulations to Mr. William Shockley and other three people. The computer is one of the greatest inventions of mankind. ENIAC has created a new era for mankind, and the transistor has made the computer a widely applicable, An important tool that changes people's lives."
"Computers and nuclear energy will dominate the progress of human civilization in the second half of the 20th century. It can now be clearly said that these two technologies will start the third industrial revolution of mankind."
"Nuclear energy is a new way for humans to obtain energy. Just like coal in the first industrial revolution and oil in the second industrial revolution, humans have mastered the third-order method of energy acquisition."
"Computer and semiconductor technology marks that humans have mastered new means of energy utilization: humans have learned how to efficiently and directionally use the acquired energy to reduce information entropy. Just like the mechanical energy of the first industrial revolution and the second industrial revolution Electric energy and information energy are also the energy utilization methods of the third stage of human beings."
After writing this, Tang Hua's mind turned, what should old Mr. William Shockley do?Bitter him or praise him?
——Holding is better.
"Mr. Shockley is the leader who created an era. He is also the greatest teacher in my mind. Like a guiding light, he pointed out the direction of exploration for me more than ten years ago. Today, China and the Soviet Union are in the The achievements in the computer field are inseparable from Mr. Shockley's genius work.
Chapter 138, Science knows no borders!
Both the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Soviet Academy of Sciences spoke out against Tang Hua. This is actually a bit wrong to blame the Swedish Nobel Physics Committee. When the five committee members were selecting, they seriously considered whether Tang Hua could win the award.
The current chairman of the Nobel Physics Committee is Swedish physicist Erik Herten, and the other four members are Lind, Waller, Klein and Gustav Yichen, all of whom are from Sweden and even Europe. well-known physicist.
"Shockley invented the PN junction diode alone; on this basis, Bardeen and Bratton designed the triode, and Shockley proved the electrodynamic principle behind the point-contact triode through quantum calculations," Klein said, " The studies of the three nominated by Lawrence are inseparable, but there is also an interesting fact that the research of Tang Hua and the three of them are also inseparable."
Gustav Yixin: "Tang Hua developed point-contact diodes and triodes into small silicon-based diodes and triodes, and the paper gave quantum mechanical calculations. Obviously, this small silicon particle is more conducive to large Scale and cheap production, which is why Tang Hua manufactured a large number of computers in China, while Shockley and the others could only have a small amount of transistors in the laboratory for a long time."
Klein: "Not only that, Tang Hua also proposed the theory of tunneling effect transistors in another paper."
Chairman Eric Helten: "No, it's not a theory. Don't just read Tang Hua's paper. Nesmeyanov told me in his nomination letter that tunneling effect transistors have already been manufactured."
Klein: "Where?"
"In that C55 computer, there is the frequency converter in the lower left corner of the processor layer." Eric Helten pointed to a custom-made C55 computer for export in the corner of the round table venue.
Klein: ...
Gustav Yixin: ...
"I like this kind of physics achievement, and I like this kind of physicist," Klein said, "skip the theoretical scrutiny, speculation and debate, and directly use the invention to solve the quarrel. We don't have to worry about whether the theory can stand or not. The fruit of the theory is in our house, the test of time."
Gustav Yixin: "So we eliminated Lev Landau last year, his theory was too difficult to verify."
Linde: "But it was this achievement that cost the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences $136 million."
Klein: "If you mention this to Tang Hua in China, will he present a computer to the Royal Academy of Sciences?"
Eric Helten: "Stop! We can't ask for gifts, it's against the rules!"
……
"But the committee had a particularly difficult problem," Lind said, "the three-person limit."
The rest of the committee members also nodded.
The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded to no more than three scientists at a time, as are other Nobel Prizes in science.Although this is not an express rule, the award committee has always followed this principle and dare not exceed it, because as long as the upper limit of the number of people is loosened once, there will be a second or third time, which is a very bad consequence.
After discussing Tang Hua's problem all afternoon, the five members of the committee finally came up with a solution: the three main inventors of the transistor were Shockley and the others, Tang Hua perfected the transistor; the tunneling effect transistor can be regarded as Tang Hua's Independently completed research and discoveries.According to this method, Tang Hua's job was separated from that of Shockley and the others.
Then, is the Quantum Tunneling effect good enough for awards? The 5-member committee voted by show of hands and passed 3:2, which is qualified in terms of importance.However, among the nominees this year, the importance of transistors is greater than the quantum tunneling effect. After all, there are transistors before there can be tunneling effect transistors.
"Then let's settle it like this first, and a resolution can be formed in the afternoon." Eric Helten patted Tang Hua's anthology on the table, "This is only the first time Tang Hua has been nominated, and he was recommended by two The author was nominated for two reasons: the transistor, and the theory of light emission by stimulated emission of electrons. This young man has great potential in the future, and sooner or later he will come to Sweden."
……
Hungary, Budapest.
"The Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union has already criticized Stalin. Now, we must criticize Rakosi, a follower of Stalin, for his arrogance, meaningless industrial construction policy, completely distorted five-year plan and unrealistic agricultural policy. .”
Public discussions at the Petofi Club are getting bigger and bigger.
The secret report Khrushchev gave at the [-]th Congress of the CPSU was actually not a real secret. After speaking, he gave the manuscript to various socialist countries and Communist Party organizations in other countries, and then the top leaders of these countries all Got it, and then even the West found out about it.Hungary is famous in Europe for producing philosophers, and the philosophers of the Petofi Club have been holding various seminars since June.
"In the "Bloom Outline" I drafted in 1928, I proposed that carrying out the socialist revolution is not an urgent task for Hungary, and Chapter 3 "Peaceful Transition from Capitalism to Socialism" is in line with today's situation. The well-known Marxist philosopher Lukács Georg said, "Today, Hungary should try to make a peaceful transition. I must call on Marxists and theologians to start a dialogue. This is for the future of Hungary."
"Fart, the text is wrong."
The "Hungarian Inside Information Report" sent by the embassy in Hungary to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was quickly sent to the Prime Minister's desk, and the Prime Minister read it and then delivered it to the Chairman.The chairman couldn't bear it when he saw this paragraph, and angrily criticized six words.
……
Kremlin.
With the chaotic situation in Hungary, Khrushchev must now call a meeting of the bureau members.
Stupid Gro Erno, what the hell is he doing now? Khrushchev knocked on the table with his fist, "When he took office, he said that he would go to the Soviet Union to recuperate, sleep in a villa by the Black Sea until September, and pay state visits to seven countries in a row. Now there are 10 people on the streets of Budapest. Tourism in Yugoslavia? ! "
"We should arrest and shoot Gro Erno," said Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov, chairman of the National Security Council. Let’s just say there aren’t a lot of sane guys at the top of the Hungarian Politburo.”
Mikoyan: ...
"...Well, comrades, three months ago I euphemistically expressed the meaning of 'there are not many sane guys at the top of the Hungarian Politburo'," Mikoyan coughed, and said, "But let me make one point, three It’s unimaginable that I didn’t approve of having them all rounded up and shot a month ago, and I still don’t agree with it now.”
Malenkov: "Yes, shooting is impossible, and the impact of sending troops is too bad. Only by contacting their central government through the Intelligence Bureau and the embassy can the current situation in Budapest be maintained."
Khrushchev: "The impact of sending troops is too bad? How bad is it?"
Malenkov: ...
Mikoyan: ...
Khrushchev: "If the Chinese comrades also think that sending troops at this time is necessary and justified, will the impact be very bad?"