Back to the Republic of China to be a editor

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It's all about quantum mechanics and electrodynamics. Is this a paper that people read?

"Using Green's function can be used to solve energy bands in solid-state physics, but I don't know the specific difference in the way of asymptotically expressing electrons and photons." Qian Sanqiang said.

The presence of Qian Sanqiang is a great benefit, and Tang Hua can be liberated with the old money.

……

"Hello, Academician Yufei," Tang Hua first greeted the oldest - 74-year-old Abraham Fedorvich Yufei.

"Dean Nesmeyanov, hello," "Academician Kurchatov, hello."

Kurchatov was a student of Iofe.

At the end of September 1942, Stalin summoned academicians such as Jofer, Kapitsa, and Kurchatov to the Kremlin to discuss information about the development of atomic bombs in Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Stalin asked whether the Soviet Union could develop atomic bombs. Whether the development has the conditions to develop the atomic bomb.

Joffe's answer was that the Soviet Union had sufficient scientific accumulation in cutting-edge physics and nuclear physics, as well as sufficient talent reserves. If the central government decided to carry out research on the atomic bomb, the Soviet Academy of Sciences could undertake the corresponding work.

After Stalin listened to Iofe's report, he officially launched the atomic bomb project in 1943.

Uncle Yofei had a white beard on his lips, and his eyes behind the round-rimmed glasses looked at Tang Hua, "You were an academician four years ago, and now it seems that you are still one of the youngest academicians. In recent years, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union has , the number of young academicians accepted is less and less, and it is gradually becoming a club for the elderly.”

Lang Dao: "Situations like Tang Hua and I are rare and cannot be generalized into a general rule. From the usual situation of scientific research, it is usually at the age of 40 to 50 for a person to reach the forefront of research in his field. It was completed when it was completed, and it is normal to be accepted as an academician of the Academy of Sciences at this time."

Nesmeyanov: "The reorganization of the Chinese Academy of Sciences should be completed soon, right?"

Qian Sanqiang: "President Guo is worrying about this matter. My side is China's Institute of Modern Physics, which will be a subsidiary institution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the future. The reorganization of the Institute of Modern Physics is relatively early, and it has been working for almost two years. "

Nesmeyanov: "Very well, the Institute of Modern Physics is also one of the most urgently needed research institutions in China. Your institute is already in operation, so it's time to work on nuclear weapons. China's nuclear weapons."

Tang Hua:? !

Qian Sanqiang: "This... how should I put it, we really want to develop in this direction."

Chapter 32, Sino-Soviet Atomic Energy Cooperation Agreement

Nasmeyanov, President of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Director of the Institute of Organic Compounds.After Nesmeyanov's death the institute was renamed the Nesmeyanov Institute.

He opened up new directions in the preparation of food from non-edible ingredients and laid the foundations of artificial food chemistry.

What does this mean, for example, cocoa butter substitute... just to give an example, he is not the one who invented fake chocolate, he invented several other synthetic foods, which are worse than cocoa butter substitute, and other countries except the Soviet Union It is not produced and is now eliminated.

However, the metal compound diazotization method called "Nesmeyanov's diazonium method" has continued to this day.

Another characteristic of Dean Nesmeyanov is that the three views are very consistent with mainstream values, and he does not have the tendency of pacifism and environmentalism that are common among top scientists.Sakharov, the chief designer of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, later became a pacifist and a human rights activist. In 1973, he even said in front of Western reporters that he opposed nuclear weapons and called for the abolition of nuclear weapons. Nesmeyanov himself wrote an open letter and published it in the newspaper criticize him.

Hearing Qian Sanqiang say that China really wants to develop nuclear weapons, Nesmeyanov was very happy: "Nuclear weapons are the greatest amplifier of national power, and the physics circles of the Soviet Union and China must shoulder this historical responsibility."

"Of course our physics community is very enthusiastic about the development of Soviet nuclear weapons, but this kind of work is neither challenging nor too difficult, so it doesn't take up too much of my time." Landau, director of the Institute of Physical Problems of the Soviet Academy of Sciences Dissent.

Nesmeyanov laughed and said: "Nuclear weapons are long-term work. It has been almost 10 years since the Soviet Union started to develop nuclear weapons and achieved today. There is a saying: the best time to plant a tree is ten years." Years ago, followed by now. Since this is the second best time after 10 years ago, why not start now."

……

"Regarding your plan to develop the nuclear industry and the development of nuclear weapons, I am very sorry that the Presidium and the Council of Ministers took a negative attitude."

Nesmeyanov expressed his support, but ultimately had to talk to the Soviet Union at the national level.

When Tang Hua proposed the idea of ​​a nuclear program, Kaganovich, vice chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, shook his head.

"We received your pre-sent idea proposal in January, and the Supreme Presidium met and voted on it, so please don't ask why. However, the Soviet Union can give a certain initial stage to your research in the field of atomic energy. Support and arrange the development direction of atomic energy for you, that is to study how to use atomic energy peacefully. In the future, the Soviet Union will devote itself to the military application of atomic energy, while China will carry out peaceful application of atomic energy. This peaceful application can solve China's energy problems. It can also complement the Soviet Union's technology."

Arrange for China to study the peaceful use of atomic energy... the first thing you say is the old economic and mutual meeting.Your country divides labor in this industry, and your country divides labor in that industry. Don't cross the border after making arrangements.

"China and the Soviet Union are now allies, and we are conducting high-level talks, so here I am also frankly expressing my views," Tang Hua said, "Chairman Kaganovich, the United States has exerted considerable pressure on the Soviet Union in terms of nuclear weapons. And this part of the pressure is also applied to China. This is an extremely unfavorable situation for the Sino-Soviet alliance and the entire socialist camp.”

In 1950, when the Korean War began, the United States had 370 nuclear bombs. In 1953, the number of nuclear warheads in the United States had risen to 1436, while the Soviet Union had only 1953 nuclear bombs at the end of 120.Tang Hua believes that the Soviet intelligence agencies will not be unable to get any news, and also believes that the number of US nuclear warheads obtained by the Soviet intelligence agencies is not too big.The Soviet Union should know that it has an order of magnitude gap with the United States in terms of the number of nuclear warheads.

Sure enough, Kaganovich gritted his teeth when he heard what Tang Hua said, but didn't say anything.

Tang Hua: "In addition to the United States, we cannot ignore the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom tested the first atomic bomb on the Montebello Islands in Australia in 1952. This is a mature nuclear aerial bomb that can be used for delivery. I believe that the United Kingdom is measuring This kind of nuclear bomb is produced, and Britain can manufacture heavy bombers by itself, and is designing jet-type heavy bombers. Based on the size of the British army and national strength, the UK will eventually have 300 to 500 nuclear warheads, and together with the United States, it will jointly target Eastern Europe and the European part of the Soviet Union. create a nuclear deterrent."

"The Anglo-American alliance and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization formed around the Anglo-American alliance system, relying on the large number of industrial countries in their allies, high industrial output value, and advanced industrial technology, have formed a layered and all-round blockade threat to us." Tang Hua Continue to say, "Chairman Kaganovich, China and the Soviet Union are back-to-back alliances. We are in the east, and we also need nuclear weapons to maintain the stability of Northeast Asia. We hope to develop nuclear weapons by ourselves, and use medium-range ballistic missiles and heavy bombers to carry nuclear bombs." , so that it has the ability to carry out nuclear strikes on South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, and the military bases of the United States in the Western Pacific. After completing these tasks, the Soviet Union can concentrate all or most of its nuclear weapons and delivery vehicles in Europe to deal with Britain and the United States. pressure in the direction of Europe."

Under the current technical conditions, Tang Hua's reason...seems quite reasonable.Ballistic missiles with a range of 95 to [-] kilometers, and heavy bombers with a combat radius of [-] kilometers (the Tu-[-] is also being developed), this is the status quo of Soviet nuclear weapons at this time.

The Soviet Union now only has medium-range missiles, long-range ballistic missiles are being developed, and intercontinental ballistic missiles are being demonstrated.So when Tang Hua talked about the nuclear deterrence capabilities of various regions, Kaganovich could not respond by saying, "The Soviet Union has nuclear weapons, and the nuclear war can be thrown at each other by the Soviet Union and the United States, without China's participation."

"The Soviet Union's nuclear industry is now facing heavy production and scientific research tasks," Kaganovich changed his response, "I also tell my Chinese comrades frankly. Indeed, the United States has more nuclear warheads than the Soviet Union. A lot. In order to catch up with the United States in this field as soon as possible, all our nuclear factories are producing nuclear bombs and nuclear materials necessary for making nuclear bombs day and night. Under such circumstances, it is difficult for our nuclear industry to allocate resources or talents to China is going to help you build up your nuclear industry."

Chief Accountant: "We have established a new China with our own efforts. The basic principle of China's establishment of the nuclear weapons industry is still self-reliance. We will try our best to solve the equipment and raw materials that can be solved by ourselves at home. Only some special equipment that has to be imported and materials, we will ask the Soviet Union for help.”

……

"Comrades, why don't we first take a look at the list of assistance that the Soviet Union can provide to support your peaceful use of atomic energy?" The representatives of China and the Soviet Union chatted for a long time, and Kaganovich waved his hands to signal not to go around anymore, "Anyway, You start the research work on atomic energy first, and then you continue to conduct research on the civilian use of atomic energy, or plan to develop nuclear weapons yourself, I think these things are helpful.”

"The Soviet Union can sell a graphite reactor for China to conduct research on the principles of atomic energy. This reactor uses graphite as the neutron deceleration material and water as the heat transfer medium. In fact, it can not only be used as a research platform for nuclear physics, but the heat generated It can also drive a 7000-kilowatt generating set. In addition to the reactor, we will provide China with uranium blocks with a uranium-235 enrichment of 4% as fuel for the reactor.”

"In addition," Kaganovich continued, "Nasmeyanov, the president of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, recently reflected the opinion of the Academy of Sciences to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. At the insistence of President Nasmeyanov, the Soviet Union The Academy of Sciences will donate a cyclotron accelerator to the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences."

Ah, there's a little giveaway...

Tang Hua turned his head and winked at the chief accountant, indicating that the result was good.

……

"We can buy a reactor, buy a reactor and send blueprints, and we can also buy uranium blocks with an abundance of 4%. This is already a relatively good result," Tang Hua said after the first day of the meeting, "and then there are accidents. Harvest, a cyclotron accelerator, thanks to Dean Nasmeyanov."

Chief accountant: "And it's a gift, the cyclotron accelerator must have cost a lot of money."

Qian Sanqiang: "This thing costs millions of dollars to buy from Western countries, and the key point is that you can't buy it. It is also difficult to make it yourself. Many parts in it are not produced in domestic factories. The electrostatic proton brought back by Mr. Zhao from the United States in 1950 The accelerator has been used for 4 years, and it is almost unable to satisfy the research of Tsinghua students."

The acceleration of particles by an electrostatic proton accelerator is a straight track. For example, if the handle of the accelerator is 5 meters long, the acceleration distance of the particles is 5 meters, and the energy of the particles produced is relatively low.The cyclotron is equipped with a strong magnetic field in the center. After the particles are ejected, they make a circular motion in the vertical magnetic field plane, and the acceleration distance is long until they are finally ejected from the cyclotron through a hole.

In short, the cyclotron can obtain more high-energy particles, which is more helpful to the research of nuclear physics.

Chief accountant: "It's a good deal for us to invite Dean Nasmeyanov and those academicians to dinner at the embassy on the second day of the Chinese New Year. The return on investment is very high."

……

Day three of negotiations.The Sino-Soviet "Agreement on Atomic Energy Cooperation" was signed on the spot.

1. The Soviet Union provided mining machinery and special transportation equipment to exploit large uranium mines in the Xiangshan area of ​​Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province;

2. The Soviet Union provided uranium ore rough refining equipment and safety protection equipment for heavy metal smelting, and established a uranium ore rough refining base in Xiangshan;

3、相山铀矿粗炼基地建成后，每年向苏联提供300吨黄饼（约含180吨天然铀，也即大约1.3吨铀235）；

4. Uranium mines and crude refining bases joined Soviet technicians and engineers in advance to assist, and at the same time China sent students to the Soviet Union for training;