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"The last reason why this super-large steel base is located in Bogezhuang," Tang Hua said back to the site selection of the steel plant, "is that it is relatively far away from Tangshan City. ... An industrial base with an annual output of 3000 million tons of steel, generating The amount of dust, smoke, and waste water is unimaginable, so let’s discharge it to the open space as much as possible.”
……
The Tangshan earthquake, in fact, a radius of 50 kilometers is not safe...
At that time, 90 people were killed in Tianjin, which was 2.4 kilometers away from the epicenter. In 1981, there were still many people living in temporary earthquake-resistant shelters in Tianjin.Evacuate to 50 kilometers away from the epicenter...that is, the intensity is slightly reduced.Then adding the earthquake resistance of modern standard buildings, it may be possible to ensure that most buildings are only damaged but not collapsed.
Another advantage now is that there is enough time, and Tang Hua still has 20 years to slowly consider various solutions.
……
In the Chengde Rocket Engine Experimental Center, everyone stared dumbfounded at the quiet engine test bed, as if something terrible had appeared there.
When the engine fails to ignite, the controller of the test bench will operate in three consecutive operations, terminate the engine starting procedure, prepare for the first-level fire prevention, and activate the button to withdraw the oxidant and fuel from the pipeline.
"The fuel has been cleared." "The red smoke nitric acid has been cleared, and the ventilation and detoxification are now started."
Two fully sealed and modified trucks rushed to the test stand, spraying sodium hydroxide solution water mist next to the rocket engine to neutralize the leaked small amount of nitric acid.Car No. [-] carried two tons of water mist, which was more than enough for this accident. When the engine was started, most of the red smoke nitric acid sent into the pipeline was sucked back, and only a few kilograms remained in the gas pump. Red fume nitric acid is still hazardous exposure.
Five minutes later, the rocket test bed confirmed that there would be no fire, and the atmosphere relaxed a little, but only slightly——
Red smoke nitric acid is a strong oxidizing and corrosive liquid, not to mention that part of dinitrogen tetroxide is dissolved in it.Of course, when concentrated nitric acid encounters steel and aluminum alloys, it will not corrode all these metals, but will form a layer of oxide layer on the surface, but after this layer of surface material is thrown away, the gas pump of the rocket engine is basically useless. .
Hearing the engine condition reported by the test bench, Tu Shou'e covered his eyes with his right hand and let out a long sigh.
"Don't be so frustrated, didn't we bring two engines this time?" Qian Xuesen said.
"That spare engine. It can be used, but we have to find out how the failure of the first engine occurred."
……
Returning to Beijing from Beidaihe, Tang Hua suddenly wanted to get off the train in Tangshan and take a look at this city where a giant beast lived underground.But it's just thinking about it, and now I have to go back to Beijing immediately.
Although Tangshan is located in an earthquake zone in a broad sense, earthquakes in Tangshan and its surrounding areas have not occurred frequently since China has historical records, which may make Tangshan ignore earthquakes a little bit.
The Tangshan earthquake occurred at 3:40 in the morning, which is the time when people are most tired and sleep deeply.With a magnitude of 7.8 and an intensity of 11 degrees, the destructive power is astonishing.What is even more helpless is that after the main earthquake of magnitude 1976 in the early morning of July 7, 28, another aftershock of magnitude 7.8 occurred at 6:45 in the evening of the same day, which disrupted the rescue vehicles and teams heading to Tangshan.
"Tang Hua, Chairman and Vice Chairman Liu, after listening to your ideas, are more supportive of the new plant and new area," Li Fuchun said, "Vice Chairman Liu said that from the perspective of Wuhan Iron and Steel's construction, the effect of building factories in the new area is very good. There are so many rules and regulations in the old city, and there are not so many intricate relationships, so it is easier to establish a purely socialist large-scale industry."
"Oh?" Tang Hua was a little surprised. Chairman and Vice Chairman Liu thought of this level, which coincided with Tang Hua's plan.
"In this case...the construction officially started in 58, and in 56 and 58, it was actually not idle. The railway and wharf supporting the new Tangshan factory will almost start construction."
Li Fuchun: "All of them will be completed with an annual output of 2000 million tons. If the whole country is added up, there must be 8000 to [-] million tons, right? Although it is a blueprint more than ten years later, when I think about it now, I feel that it is incredible."
Tang Hua: "In the early stage of industrialization, the growth rate of major industrial products will definitely have a period of rapid growth. We used to have a strong foundation and high development potential. Coupled with the national game of chess, we have innate high-level structural advantages, and the growth rate will be faster than those Industrialization is faster in capitalist countries."
Li Fuchun: "I just don't know how long this initial stage of industrialization and the initial stage of socialism will last, and what will be the sign of the end."
Tang Hua: "Vice Premier Li, this, I think, is when the steel output reaches 10 million tons and lasts until the [-]th year."
Li Fuchun, who was drinking water, suddenly choked, and sprayed most of the cold water back into the mug.
……
Shanghai Institute of Computer Science.
"Now, the chip is newly designed, the frequency multiplier is brand new, the circuit board is brand new, and even the wires are brand new. Our board is not cheap."
Xie Xide walked into the conference room carrying a box, a lot of thread ends and a segment code display. Wang Shoujue and Lebedev were waiting eagerly for them to propose the architecture, which would be manufactured by Xie Xide at the chip factory and processed by Hon Hai. The minimum unit sample of supercomputing.
Don't forget, before being transferred to Beijing to join Team X, she was the chief engineer of Hon Hai... Now Xie Xide is still the general technical consultant of Hon Hai.
The second supercomputing conference was about to be held. Zhu Kezhen and Qian Sanqiang met with the architecture design team several times and then returned to the original unit. Lebedev and Wang Shoujue began to design the basic architecture of the entire computer according to the customer's idea.
In order to allow more freedom in the construction of supercomputers, and to make the chip stronger so that the entire computer can reach an ultra-high operating frequency of 80MHz, Lebedev asked Wang Shoujue to boldly design a chip with a more "single" function, which is compatible with the X5504 , X5604 processor is different, this chip only contains dozens of simple logic gates, does not form a complex microprocessor architecture.
Then, the various complex functions of this computer depend on assembling thousands of such single-function chips.
It can also be said that a supercomputer is a CPU that manually assembles thousands of chips, thousands of memory chips, and thousands of registers, a CPU whose performance far exceeds that of any chip/microprocessor of the time.
Then, this kind of CPU does four...
No way, Zhu Kezhen said that it takes 3.3 million times to make medium and long-term weather forecasts.
……
"Let me say something first," said Xie Xide, "after the operating frequency increased to 80 MHz, the yield rate of the chips dropped significantly. I took 200 yuan of chips that passed the factory inspection and only picked out seven or eight chips that were strong enough. Come on. Today's test also depends on luck, if you are not lucky, you may die halfway."
Wang Shoujue: "As long as it can reach an operating frequency of 80 megahertz, everything else is easy to say, and even the number of integrated logic gates in the chip can be further reduced."
Xie Xide plugged in the box, and the fixed circuit board in the box was the smallest supercomputing unit embedded with 32 chips of various kinds.
Plug in the power and plug in the segment code display. This operation is a simple clock cycle test. All the chips are activated, but the segment code display only shows a constantly beating number. Every time a 10 MHz clock cycle is completed, the number Up by 1, at 80 megahertz the number is up by 8 digits per second.
After confirming that all the lines are connected correctly, Xie Xide pressed the switch of the box.The "0" on the far right of the display screen turns into a meaningful number by the way, and it is immediately adjusted to 10, 2X, 3X...
"Hey, Davarish," within a minute, Lebedev was the first to notice the anomaly, pointing to the circuit board in the box: "That thing is smoking!"
Chapter 136, Peaceful Farming and Clouds of War
Supercomputers, also known as supercomputers, were the jewels in the crown of computer technology from the 20s to the 60s.In this era, supercomputers are not only a symbol of the comprehensive level of the national electronics industry, but also a manifestation of the genius of designers.
In the 60s, large-scale computer equipment built with transistors was regarded as the prototype of supercomputing. The Stretch machine designed by IBM was the first to set foot in the field of supercomputers, but although Stretch was set at 800 million US dollars, IBM still lost money (it planned to sell it. 1300 million US dollars, but the calculation speed can not reach the level of the big pie), sold 5 units and finally quit.
IBM's computing design may be a bit problematic. In a few years, Control Data Corporation produced the CDC6600, which has a computing speed three times faster than IBM's similar machine, and the price is "only" 237 million US dollars.The improved CDC7600 was born in 1967 and continues to occupy the market.
In 1972, Simon Clay resigned from Control Data Corporation to start a business. He used paper and pen to design a supercomputer based on integrated circuits. In 1975, he built Cray-1, and then Control Data Corporation went bankrupt. CDC8600 has never been developed.The calculation speed of Cray-1 is 1.6 million times per second. In the 80s, Cray-2 raised this record to 10 billion operations per second.
Uh... The price of Cray-1 is 770 million US dollars, but compared with its competitor Iliak-4, the price/performance ratio is relatively high. A total of more than 80 units have been sold, and it is known as the most commercially successful supercomputer.
……
"To reduce the heat generation of the chip, what we are thinking now is to improve the chip technology and make the chip quality better. There is no other good way. After all, the frequency has increased. To ensure the stability of the calculation signal waveform, we have to increase the frequency. current, and then the thermal power will be higher. But in this way, the investment in the supercomputer is too large." Wang Shoujue said.
Tang Hua went from Beijing to Shanghai, and only after entering the Institute of Computer Science did he realize that they were tinkering with the smallest unit sample of supercomputing, and the initial stage was not very smooth.Wang Shoujue said that the computer was too expensive, and Tang Hua asked, "How much is the estimated cost of the first supercomputer?"
Wang Shoujue: "It may exceed 400 million yuan, not the nominal price for takeout, but the cost we calculated."
Tang Hua: ...
It's only 400 million RMB, and the official exchange rate is less than 80 US dollars, so why worry about it.
"Did it overheat when doing the clock cycle just now? This problem is actually easy to solve." Tang Hua said, "Put on the heat sink."
……
The second supercomputing meeting in September 1956 was actually not a serious meeting. A few people tinkered in this laboratory and that laboratory, disassembling and reassembling several components.When I am not dismantling the machine, I draw pictures in front of the computer. Sometimes I draw directly on the computer. Sometimes I don’t have time to find a keyboard when I get thinking, so I write formulas with a pencil and scratch paper.
"Okay, let's try again."