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However, the land of these two factories still has some foundations and big pits, and no factory buildings have stood upright.
In 1952, the Sino-Soviet Naval Technical Assistance Agreement included the construction of torpedo production plants, which are now 872 and 874 plants.
However, at the end of 1953, due to the adjustment of the development direction of the navy, there were many new equipment items. In order to prevent the total investment of the navy from increasing too much, the construction of the torpedo production plant was postponed.
The first reason for putting off building a torpedo factory is that the investment is too large.The total budget is 1 million RMB (SGD), of which 500 million is in foreign exchange (6000 million rubles).
The total investment of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge is only 7200 million yuan.
It is true that the torpedo is very difficult to manufacture. Most of its parts are incompatible with the standard parts of other industrial sectors and cannot be shared.Moreover, the mechanical performance indicators of many parts are ridiculously high.
When our country imitated the Soviet torpedo, there was a small part that killed a factory. It was a beryllium bronze spring piece used to measure water pressure to determine the depth. The production task was assigned to a spring factory.It took the factory more than half a year to trial-produce several batches of samples, none of which were qualified, and finally quit crying, preferring to lose money according to the contract, rather than continue to do so.
Then this is just the difficulty encountered in imitating the Soviet 53-65 torpedo. The 53-65 torpedo is a thermally powered direct-flying shallow water torpedo that can only hit warships but not submarines.
Another reason for the Navy to suspend the construction of the torpedo production plant is that anti-ship missiles performed very well in the 53 Taiwan Campaign.
Anti-ship missiles have a range of 30 kilometers, and now they are 40 kilometers, so they can hit wherever they want.
It is true that torpedoes do high damage to warships, but the maximum range is only more than ten kilometers, and the speed is 1.5 times to twice that of warships, and they cannot turn. Launching torpedoes at more than ten kilometers is called fate mine. I really want to effectively destroy the enemy within two kilometers. just work.
Moreover, Tang Hua gave the Navy the planning plan for anti-ship missiles launched from torpedo tubes in advance.The Navy looked at it, and it seemed that submarines could also fire missiles. This... the torpedo factory should hold off.
……
“1952年，我们随2艘‘斯大林’型潜艇的引进，购买了120枚533鱼雷和12枚训练雷，现在除训练用掉8枚之外，其余112枚还在海军军械库中储存。训练雷在历次训练中丢失1枚。”
In Dalian, Xiao Jinguang listened to the report of the torpedo situation by Lin Zhen of the Naval Logistics and Ordnance Department.
"After confirming the introduction of Type 633 submarines, 533 torpedoes were added. In 1954, 100 pieces were purchased, and the second batch was planned to be purchased in 57 to 58 years. According to the guarantee given by the comrades in the national defense and military industry system, submarine-launched anti-ship missiles It will be delivered simultaneously with the delivery of the Type 633 submarine, so we believe that the use of submarine torpedoes will not be as much as in the Soviet military drills. In fact, I know that the Soviet Navy is now revising this figure.”
Xiao Jinguang: "If anti-ship missiles are equipped with submarines, the consumption of torpedoes in normal training and wartime is not so high. But now a new problem has come, which is anti-submarine. He is also a comrade in the national defense military industry system. Now he has proposed a plan. The 533 guided torpedo will have both anti-submarine and anti-ship capabilities. So the torpedo industry needs to be established."
Lin Zhen: "An investment of [-] million yuan is really not a small amount. But if it is for this purpose, then the torpedo factory must be built."
Beijing.
Tang Hua and Liu Nai found out the plan of the torpedo factory in the Sino-Soviet agreement in 52, and then made the final deliberation.
"We originally planned to introduce three types of torpedoes, 533 thermal power torpedoes, 533 electric torpedoes, and 450 jet torpedoes. Looking at it now, the 450mm caliber jet torpedo production line can be cut off." Liu Nai said.
450毫米口径的喷气鱼雷是RAT-52，本来是伊尔-28T鱼雷轰炸机配用的。1952年中国打算引进伊尔-28（轰-5）。
Now it can be confirmed that there is no need for torpedo bombers to fight against ships.In this way, Factory 874 can save one production line, and Factory 872 can cut down an entire workshop for thermal power machines.
Tang Hua: "Both the 533 thermal torpedo and the 533 electric torpedo should be retained, but the thermal torpedo should be given priority."
Liu Nai: "The self-guiding torpedo should be powered first."
Tang Hua: "The Soviet Union is still developing heavy torpedoes that can hit submarines. We are now working on this thing, and we must have a clear estimate of the difficulties."
It takes 3 years to build the two factories to the point where they can produce 53-65 torpedoes, and then the entire production line... is overthrown and rebuilt.
This is not a question of upgrading direct flight torpedoes to guided/wire-guided torpedoes, but from anti-ship mines to anti-submarine and anti-ship dual-purpose mines. The project is too huge.
Prior to this, torpedoes sailed at a fixed depth of 5 to 20 meters, hit small warships at a fixed depth of 5 meters, and hit battleships at a fixed depth of 20 meters.After the torpedo was launched, the flight track stabilized and sailed at this depth.
The first-generation guided torpedoes at the end of World War II also sailed at a constant depth, and the guidance system on the torpedo was only responsible for issuing "left" or "right" control commands.
It is possible to fight warships.It's also okay to fight submarines that are stupidly sailing on the surface or deep in the periscope.Once the submarine dives, it can only stare blankly.
To make the torpedo anti-submarine, it is necessary to expand the torpedo's active area from a flat surface to a three-dimensional one, and upgrade the control commands to up, down, left, and right.
This is not complicated, it is the torpedo itself that is complicated.
This is to build a miniature AIP-powered submarine that dives several hundred meters deep.
The maximum combat depth of the torpedo has to leave a lot of margin. The maximum dive depth announced by the imaginary enemy's submarine is 400 meters, and your torpedo has to hit 600 meters underwater.The Soviet Union designed a nuclear submarine with a diving depth of 600 meters, and then the maximum combat depth of the US MK-48 torpedo exceeded 1000 meters.
A small torpedo with a diameter of only 533 mm, so I asked how to design the pressure-resistant shell.At least the two parts of the seeker and the wire payoff must be able to withstand hundreds of meters of water pressure.
Therefore, before the 60s, there were more than 20 countries that could manufacture torpedoes; after the 60s, countries that could manufacture torpedoes (heavy-duty wire-guided anti-submarine/anti-ship dual-purpose) can be counted on one hand.
……
On March 3, the Chinese side notified the Soviet side of the news of "the pursuit and confrontation between the Yellow Sea and a suspected US nuclear submarine target", and Moscow immediately received the news.
A few days later, the Soviet Union stated that it had begun to form a technical team, led by the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Naval Staff Department, to go to China to conduct seminars on anti-submarine technology.
The response was not too positive.
From March to April 1955, the focus of the Soviet military was on West Germany.According to the perspective of people in 3, 4 years after the end of the Second World War, the German Army has risen again on European soil.
After the end of World War II, not only was the remnant of Nazi Germany wiped out, but Prussian militarism and the Junkers were also considered important nests that triggered the two wars, and were completely eradicated by the Allies.
After the start of the Cold War, the United States intends to rearm Germany, but it is a very sensitive topic to allow Germany to re-establish its army.
The plan to rearm Germany was opposed not only by the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, but also by the Netherlands, Belgium, and France at first.
The biggest voices of opposition came from within Germany.When the millions of former German veterans who survived the battlefield were interviewed by the media, the reaction of the vast majority was "Fuck off, I will never be a soldier."
West German Prime Minister Adenauer can only take it slowly, first set up a paramilitary organization - the Federal Border Guard, and then set up a high-level shelf of the Federal Ministry of Defense without conscription. At the end of 1954, after obtaining the unmistakable support of the United States and France, West Germany announced the formation plan of the Bundeswehr.
In February 1955, 2 M110 tanks, more than 47 howitzers and more than 200 armored vehicles were pulled out of the arsenal of the US military stationed in Germany at one time, and they were painted casually and handed over to the German Federal Border Guard. The army of more than 100 people used to be a lightly armed paramilitary organization. As a result, with the enrichment of American weapons and the addition of thousands of new volunteers recruited last year, a mechanized division was instantly set up.
In March 1955, under the watchful eyes of many journalists, the first mechanized counter-shock exercise of the Federal Border Guard was held between Mannheim and Frankfurt.Hans who rode armored vehicles or hung on M3 tanks galloped along the road. When they arrived at the combat area, the German soldiers with "Garand" jumped off the tanks, skillfully formed formation, and the infantry and tanks coordinated to launch to the target position. Assault, just like the German Wehrmacht more than ten years ago.
At this time, Germany was not as sick as it is now. There were nearly 1 old German soldiers in the Federal Border Guard of more than [-] people, most of whom served as non-commissioned officers and junior officers.
Seeing the reconstruction of the German army and the "heavy guard" on the federal border that appeared after the first reorganization, the Soviet Union silently increased the strength of the group stationed in Germany and prepared to establish the East German People's Army.
……
"The Mi-1 is no good, it's too primitive and too small."
Planning a naval anti-submarine system is not as simple as building a torpedo factory.
Tang Hua put down the Mi-1 helicopter information booklet in his hand.
Liu Nai: "The Soviet Union recommended Mi-1 to us last year, but the situation has changed slightly this year. They indicated that they can export the technology of Mi-4."
Tang Hua: "The maximum take-off weight of the Mi-4 is more than 7 tons, which is barely enough. If there is an aircraft with a maximum weight of 10 tons, it would be the best as an anti-submarine platform."
Mi-4, also known as Zhi-5, was tested in 1952 and put into production in 1953.
This aircraft...was fine in the 50's, but quickly fell behind in the 60's.
The most critical problem is that the Mi-4 uses a piston engine instead of a turboshaft engine. The propeller is a wooden blade. The maximum flight speed is only 185 km/h and the range is 500 km.still ugly