Back to the Republic of China to be a editor

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Tang Hua was talking with Mikoyan about the details of the training of Chinese astronauts, but the incident in Europe was so big that Mikoyan couldn't stop talking about it.

"Then don't worry, Zeiss-Jena is currently operating very well, and no workshop is idle," Mikoyan said, "The salaries and personnel are stable, and there are special allowances for those involved in the development of aerospace optical devices. and confidentiality management."

Tang Hua: "There will be no problems with the key personnel, so China has nothing to care about. If everything goes well, the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union will continue for several months, unless some unexpected circumstances occur."

Mikoyan: "What unexpected situation?"

Tang Hua: "...Anyway, it is some unexpected circumstances that may not be very beneficial to the Soviet Union."

……

The two gangs confronted each other, and their respective bosses—Khrushchev and Kennedy were playing a game of who would blink first. At this moment of tension, a guy from Khrushchev's side came out wretchedly, and took a closer look. east germany.

The younger brother walked to the middle of the confrontational crowd, walked away from the big brother on the dinner table, and took out a packing box to walk away from the edamame on the table.

Khrushchev: Pfft...

Kennedy: Pfft...

This is the role that the building of the Berlin Wall played in the Third Berlin Crisis.

Two years ago, Ulbricht complained to Khrushchev, saying that many people in Germany had fled from West Berlin to West Germany and had to build a wall.Khrushchev never agreed, because the wall did not comply with the postwar Allied partition of Berlin, and the wall had a bad reputation.

But Ulbricht and the GDR government have not been able to think of other ways to stop the brain drain in the past two years.

Under the system of the Economic Cooperation Council, the Soviet Union stipulated the direction of national development for East Germany, focusing on one or two branches of modern industry.But East Germany's higher education system is very comprehensive, which has caused many highly educated East German young and middle-aged people to do nothing or do things that have nothing to do with their university majors.

On the other hand, the Ulbricht government is not doing well in the economy, and the industry and agriculture are relatively chaotic, while West Berlin is a model construction city in the West, which is more developed than other parts of West Germany. This comparison makes East Germans even more psychologically out of balance.

what to do?Still have to fix the wall.Khrushchev did not agree to repair it before, but now that the United States and the Soviet Union are in a stalemate, and the war is imminent, it should not be a big deal for me to repair the Berlin Wall. Maybe it is still a support, helping Khrushchev to put more pressure on the United States ?

Wrong, there is no pressure, but there is humiliation.

……

"Astronauts are recommended to be selected from among fighter pilots with relatively long flying experience. The age is not more than 35 years old, but not less than 25 years old. They have outstanding physical fitness and a calm personality, especially the quality of not being surprised. It is best if you have a bachelor's degree or a junior college degree."

Mikoyan said about the selection criteria for astronauts.

Tang Hua: "A few months ago, according to the criteria you roughly defined last time, we have already selected pilots."

Mikoyan: "Then there are not many things to explain. The pilots are sent here, we train, we assess, and it will be completed in three years. If the pilots are talented in languages, it may be a few months sooner. But I want to ask , isn’t China going to use your own launch vehicle to send astronauts into space? You can make a rocket as big as Vostok if you take one step forward.”

Tang Hua: "The current carrying capacity of the Long March-3 is slightly smaller than that of Dongfang, but Director Qian Xuesen is indeed designing a larger rocket, and the first flight will be completed roughly next year. But the spacecraft has gone from design to three-stage unmanned verification flight to Manned flight takes time, and many rockets need to be launched. China must give priority to launching satellites, and the unmanned verification spacecraft will not be launched before 1965.”

Mikoyan: "It was only in 1966 and 1967 that your spacecraft was able to carry people into space. ... It seems that in 1964 your astronauts had to launch in Baikonur. However, this happened just in time for the 'Sunrise Project' .”

Both the Vostok and Sunrise programs launch manned spacecraft, but the Vostok spacecraft can only carry one astronaut, while the Sunrise spacecraft is one size larger, can carry 1 to 2 people, and can support astronauts on spacewalks.

In a few years, the Sunrise Project will be implemented, and two astronauts will go into space at the same time, one Soviet and one Chinese. This scene is still very exciting.

"In addition, I may have to say that the next stage after the Sunrise project may require cooperation," Mikoyan said, "that is, the alliance spacecraft and the technology for the two spacecraft to approach each other in space and then dock. This requires A high-precision control computer for space work."

The Sunrise program is followed by the Alliance program. The Alliance series of spacecraft has been used until 2021, and it seems that it will continue to be used.

Tang Hua actually didn't need Mikoyan to explain the space docking technology to him. This technology was originally intended to be used on the earth-moon spacecraft, but later the earth-moon spacecraft was useless and was used by the space station.

"Space docking? This should be a system that integrates multi-mode sensors, computers and small computer-controlled rocket engines for attitude adjustment," Tang Hua said.

Mikoyan: "It is best to allow direct human intervention, which is a mixed mode of computer control and human manipulation."

……

"Mars Exploration Program, Mars-1B seems to have completely lost contact?"

Visiting the OKB-1 Design Bureau again, Tang Hua asked Korolev.

Korolev rubbed his nose: "Mars-1B has lost communication with the ground since it left the Earth-Moon system. Of course we expected a miracle, but Mars-1B has never woken up."

The Soviet Union started its Mars exploration program last year.

Mars-1A was launched, and the first two stages of the launch vehicle sent the probe to low-Earth orbit. The third stage was supposed to send Mars-1A to Mars, but the third stage never ignited.Now the Hwasong-1A and the third-stage rocket that can't fire are still circling around the head of the earth.

The Mars-1B is better. The first to fourth stage engines of the rocket work normally, but the probe lost contact after flying 1000 million kilometers.Now we only know that the solar panels of the probe are turned on, and the probe has been communicating with the ground before flying 1000 million kilometers, and then the communication connection is cut off.

"Maybe it's time to launch Mars-1C," Tang Hua said.

Korolev: "It should be so. However, according to public information and our intelligence system, the US Mars probe is still in the conceptual design stage, and it will not be launched until 1964 at the earliest. Therefore, the launch time of Hwasong-1C is not so urgent, we launched Hwasong-1962C at the end of October 10, and Hwasong-1D would be two years later."

"Comrade Korolev," Tang Hua said, "Actually, I have always felt that the size and weight of the Mars-1 series probes are too small, which may affect its reliability, because the weight must be strictly controlled, and the backup of subsystems is redundant. The rest has been reduced a lot.”

Mars-1A/B/C is the same model, the first generation of Soviet Mars probes.The weight is about 650 kilograms, and it is basically a cylinder with a height of 2 meters. After being lifted into space, the solar panels are unfolded, and the two sides of the cylinder look like a pair of fly wings.The head of the cylinder can deploy a 2.33-meter high-gain mesh antenna.

The Soviet Union did not intend to use the Mars-1 probe to directly hit Mars, but flew Mars-1 over, and then was captured by the gravity of Mars, becoming a satellite of Mars, and continuously sending information back to the earth.

In 1961, humans still didn't know much about the appearance of Mars.If Tang Hua said, "Mars has no magnetic field, no radiation belts, and the density of the atmosphere is only 0.7% of that of the earth. Except for a small amount of supersaturated saline solution in a few areas, there is no water in the world, and there are no Martians", the audience will definitely be shocked. The question mark on the face "Teacher Tang, how do you know?"

The current Mars is still a space for the free imagination of sci-fi works, especially the high-power astronomical telescopes have observed river-like traces on Mars, which is incredible, and it is definitely a Martian.

Although humans have used spectrometers to observe Mars in the past two years, they have not observed the spectra of a large number of water molecules on the surface, indicating that the traces on Mars may not be rivers, but then there are even more outrageous sci-fi settings, some say it is dry (This is not necessarily wrong), some say that the Martians changed the above-ground river into an underground river in order to protect water resources...

It was not until after 1965 that various Mars probes began to successfully arrive at Mars for observation that they knew the true face of Mars. Disappointed, this place cannot be lived.In the 21st century, the exploration of Mars became more careful, and it was discovered that the previous judgment was wrong. Mars really has liquid water, although it is only a little bit.Of course, this is something for later.

……

Korolev heard Tang Hua say Mars-1 was too small, so he nodded: "The weight of more than 600 kilograms is already the upper limit of the 7K8 series rockets. To accelerate to get rid of the gravitational force of the Earth-Moon system, the entire rocket already contains four stage engine, which also makes the system particularly complex."

Tang Hua: "The next stage of Mars exploration should no longer use 7K8 series rockets."

"I am convincing the leadership to support the plan to send the rover to the Mars, and I have initially planned a heavy-duty interplanetary spacecraft and a supporting super-heavy launch vehicle. This is a more difficult and costly project than landing on the moon , the plan has been sent up for a year, but no response yet.”

Hmm... super heavy launch vehicle.

This was later developed into the N1 rocket.This super-heavy rocket, which was used by the Soviet Union to gamble manned landing on the moon, was originally designed by Korolev to land the spacecraft on Mars.

Note: What Korolev wants to send to Mars is a manned spacecraft!

In the late 50s, Korolev made a rough design plan for a manned spacecraft to land on Mars. In 1970 and 71, the Soviet Union considered it very seriously again. ——Made, the United States has preempted the manned landing on the moon. Let me see if it can be done by manned landing on Mars.

Because it takes more than half a year to fly to Mars, the spacecraft is launched in October or November every year, and it will fly in space for more than half a year, and it will just enter Mars orbit in July of the next year.This is an unmanned probe, but the manned spacecraft has to consider how to allow the astronauts to survive in the spacecraft for at least 10 months.

So Korolev designed a life support system for this spacecraft. There must be an oxygen regeneration cycle in the cabin, and it may even require the maintenance of a micro-ecosystem, sufficient food supply, a shield that can shield solar flares and cosmic radiation, and even It is also necessary to solve the psychological problems of astronauts on the spacecraft during long-term voyages.

Tang Hua: "Comrade Korolev, let's go back to the topic of unmanned probes...Since the reliability of the Mars series probes is not high, it is better to double the launch frequency of each window period and continue for 60 years and 10 years." In October and October 1962, two probes were launched instead of one, and maybe one of them was successful."

Chapter 52, Base 6626

Tang Hua got on the train, and the special train went back along the Siberian Railway.

But now Tang Hua is not returning to China, it is only August, and there is still a time-consuming schedule in the Soviet Union.