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"Don," Cherenkov said, "Nesmeyanov revealed last month that this year the USSR Academy of Sciences nominated both you and Landau to the Nobel Committee."
Tang Hua: "The Nobel Physics Committee is a group of old men with eccentricities. They will not consider me and Landau until the last old man who can be awarded the prize has been handed out."
Lang said: "This sentence is really wonderful. The old man gave the award to the old man. But, Tang, who do you think will be favored by the Nobel Committee for this year's Nobel Prize in Physics?"
Tang Hua guessed that Donald Glaser, who invented the bubble chamber, won the prize at Lake Baikal last year, and he guessed right.Landau asked Tang Hua directly this year, what was the handicap in 1961.
Tang Hua: "You and I... probably don't have much hope. In terms of Western physics, the probability of Robert Hofstadter is very high."
Landau: "Electron scattering in atomic nuclei? Another master of experiments."
In fact, Robert Hofstadter's work is not limited to the phenomenon of electron scattering in atomic nuclei. He was also one of the design teams of radio proximity fuzes during World War II. ...but it's really not a major physics discovery.
The character Leonard Hofstadter in "The Big Bang Theory" is based on Robert Hofstadter.
……
"At the end of last year, we installed a cesium atomic clock into the Advance [-] satellite platform, made the 'Einstein [-]' scientific experiment satellite, and launched it into space."
"The uncertainty of this cesium atomic clock is 5×10 to the -15th power, so when it is running at the first cosmic speed in low-Earth orbit, according to Einstein's relativity effect, the satellite will produce a slow clock effect. Due to the extremely high precision of the cesium atomic clock, we finally found an observable time difference when compared with the same type of clock on the ground..."
Tang Hua was talking about the experiment done by the "Einstein-[-]" satellite last year.
"In fact, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are proofs of special relativity, but this is an indirect proof," Kurchatov said, "but the cesium atomic clock used in this experiment is still very good."
Tang Hua: "The Soviet Academy of Sciences also made a cesium atomic clock last year, and the United States was earlier, but we have done some miniaturization work. This is actually a pavement for the follow-up aerospace engineering."
Korolev: "Which direction of aerospace engineering does this serve?"
Tang Hua: "The next generation of satellite navigation system."
……
"I am very interested in the space launch center you are building on Hainan Island. Not only me, but also the Central Committee and the Presidium of the Council of Ministers are also interested in it."
Korolev was talking about this.
It is very convenient to ship directly from the Tianjin Rocket Manufacturing Plant to the launch site. The Wenchang Launch Center is located at 18 degrees north latitude, which is another attractive feature.
The latitude of the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center is more than 30 degrees, and the Soviet side is even more uncomfortable. Baikonur has been built in the southern part of the Soviet Union as much as possible, but the latitude is still as high as 46 degrees.It is impossible for satellites and spacecraft to launch all polar-orbiting satellites. If ordinary spacecraft are launched, the low-Earth orbit carrying capacity of Baikonur and Wenchang may be 3% different for the same rocket.
Tang Hua: "You mean, China and the Soviet Union share the Wenchang Space Launch Center?"
"It's almost like this. One or more launch towers suitable for Soviet launch vehicles will be built there. Our launch vehicle manufacturing plant is in Ukraine. Although it is not close to the sea, it is close to a large river. Water can be used for sea transportation. Large rockets can also be transported by sea. Ship it."
Tang Hua: "From the Black Sea to Hainan Island, the Turkish Strait and the Suez Canal are two passes."
Korolev: "The traffic restrictions in the Turkish Strait are for warships, and Soviet civilian ships will not be hindered when entering and leaving the strait. As for Egypt, the United Arab Republic is now close to the Soviet Union and China, and there should be no accidents in the future."
Tang Hua: ...
In the third Middle East war in 1967, Egypt was beaten black and blue by Israel, and the Sinai Peninsula was completely lost, resulting in the suspension of the Suez Canal for 8 years. Comrade Soviet Union, this is very bad.
China is really unfamiliar with that place in Egypt, and how can the Egyptian army be trained to fight?How can we hold the Sinai Peninsula?
"If...the Suez Canal...forget it." Tang Hua said, "From the Black Sea to Hainan Island, special transport ships may take more than a month on the road. If you don't go through the Suez Canal and take a detour to the Cape of Good Hope, it will take about two months, which is probably the only downside."
Even if the Suez Canal is pinched, taking the Cape of Good Hope will only take a longer distance.
Korolev: "After the Vostok Project, there is the Ascension Project. After the Ascension Project, we need a bigger rocket. If we get a low-latitude launch site, it will improve the space launch capability, and we will spend two months at sea. The range is still reasonable."
Tang Hua: "I can bring this idea back to China for discussion, no, I'd better go to the embassy and ask them to send it back to China immediately. It seems that the depth of Sino-Soviet aerospace cooperation will be greater than before."
……
"The Union of Soviet Socialists wishes to inform your Government:"
"Given the major changes in the international situation since the end of World War II, the four-power agreement involving the distribution of post-war Germany is no longer suitable for today's international situation. Therefore, the Soviet Union will sign a separate peace treaty with the German Democratic Republic, and the four-power agreement will come into force with the new treaty And stop."
"We reaffirm that control of all communication lines in West Berlin shall be transferred to East Germany and that Western access to West and East Berlin shall be the responsibility of the Soviet Army."
"December 1961, 12 is the deadline for your response. Nikita Khrushchev."
Khrushchev's official text to Kennedy.
The issue of East and West Germany has always been the focus of the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 5s and 60s. Should the two Germanys merge?Do the two Germanys want to build an army?This was discussed many times at the time.
Not only did Beria want to exchange East Germany for the United States to avoid a cold war with the Soviet Union, after Khrushchev came to power, he also thought about whether it was possible to merge East and West Germany while ensuring Germany's permanent neutrality.
However, the U-1960 incident in May 5 dispelled Khrushchev's thoughts.Khrushchev went from the extreme of détente to the other extreme, and began to take the initiative to attack the issue of East and West Germany.
In 1948 and 1958, there have been two crises in Berlin. In 1961, it is probably the third Berlin crisis.
Tang Hua saw Khrushchev's statement in the newspapers in the Soviet Union. Obviously, Khrushchev felt that Kennedy was much worse than Eisenhower, and the incident in Berlin might be a blow to him.
But why did Khrushchev's initiative to attack Kennedy turn into the construction of the Berlin Wall?
Chapter 51, when is Hwasong-1C launched?
"Mr. Kennedy, if there is a war, you will be the last President of the United States."
On TV, Khrushchev put on a straight face and said this very seriously.
In July 1961, the sky over Berlin, or over the whole of Europe, was cloudy, and it seemed to ordinary people that war was about to break out.
In fact, this is the "daily life" of people in the Cold War era.Except for farmers living in deep mountains and old forests, normal adults, as long as they usually read newspapers and watch TV, they will be shocked by similar news every one or two years: In 1948, the United States said that it would drop the atomic bomb on the Soviet Union; It started with North Korea; in 1950, China and the United States were about to fight; in 1953, the Soviet Union said it would nuke France, but fortunately, France finally shrank...
Well, now the United States and the Soviet Union are fighting for Berlin again.
Things probably started on June 1961, 6.On this day, Khrushchev and Kennedy met in Vienna. Because of the failure of the Bay of Pigs incident, Khrushchev established a psychological advantage over Kennedy. When they met, they challenged Kennedy and demanded that the British and American troops withdraw from West Berlin.
Khrushchev's proposition was that the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union would withdraw from Berlin together, and that West Berlin and East Berlin would merge into a free city, which would not belong to the Soviet Union or the United States.This is obviously bullying Kennedy: Although Berlin is no longer stationed, Berlin is surrounded by the Democratic Germany. Have you seen the sickle and hammer on the East German flag?
It is said that there is no Soviet garrison, but Berlin will definitely be annexed by the socialist camp by then.
But Su, this time Kennedy behaved differently than when he decided to invade the Bay of Pigs. He ignored Khrushchev's intimidation and politely rejected Khrushchev's proposal.
Seeing Kennedy's refusal, Khrushchev announced as soon as he returned to China that he would stop the recovery of the Soviet army and increase the Soviet defense budget by one-third.
Kennedy also made a televised speech when he returned to China, saying that "we are not allowed to be driven out of West Berlin by force", announcing an additional annual military budget of 32.5 billion U.S. dollars, expanding the army by 4 divisions, and the Marine Corps by 2 divisions.
Then Khrushchev said the phrase "Mr. Kennedy, if there is a war, you will be the last president of the United States."
Kennedy did not respond. From the beginning of July to the end of July, he signed several orders, recruited troops, recalled retired officers and soldiers, opened three training bases, and directly filled the personnel of two National Guard divisions into the newly listed 7rd Division of the United States and the United States. In the shelf of the 7th division.
The battle between Khrushchev and Kennedy came to a stalemate at this point, and the two stared at each other to see who blinked first.
……
"War? Nuclear war? No, I only care about the engineers and senior technicians of Zeiss-Jena and Agfa. They must not go from West Berlin to West Germany."