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Tang Hua: "Not only are they very large, but some are also very high. Communication satellites have to reach an orbital altitude of 35800 kilometers. In this way, when viewed from the ground, the satellites are stationary or moving in a figure-of-eight within a small range. Radio equipment can use it as a communication relay. To launch a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, the rocket has to be made bigger."
……
"Minister Tang, Director Qian, Wuliang Suhai's calculation has been completed." Wang Xiji poked his head at the door and said.
Launched from the Wuliangsuhai No. 2 launch pad, the Dongfeng-61.3 platform can send a load of 290 kilograms into a low-earth orbit at a height of [-] kilometers.
Wang Xiji asked the mainframe to output the launch trajectory of the Dongfeng-2 carrier rocket.After launching from Wuliangsuhai, the rocket first rose vertically, then gradually turned to the southeast, rushed out of the atmosphere, threw away the fairing, and left the first stage near Hanlinfen.
Then, near Xuancheng, the second stage broke away from the third stage and ignited, and the rocket entered the sky over the Pacific Ocean; about 1000 kilometers north of the Solomon Islands, the third stage rocket burned out.At this time, the small satellite is infinitely close to the first cosmic speed. After the third stage and the satellite are separated, the satellite is directly in orbit.
"For satellite measurement and control, we should try our best to establish a system," Tang Hua said. "Here, here, extending all the way, deploy a measurement and control radar in Taizhou, and deploy one in Taipei. These two radars can track the first point of the satellite." The third-stage rocket is ignited. In fact, if it is a key spacecraft, it should be the best to achieve global monitoring, but for the time being, we don’t have the ability to monitor globally, so let’s do it.”
Wang Xiji: "Minister Tang, what role can the ground monitoring star-arrow play? After the rocket lifts off, it is automatically deflected under the measurement of the inertial system."
Tang Hua: "There will be radio command control. Moreover, even if we can't control the rocket, our monitoring system is also meaningful. It can... If the satellite fails to launch, it can tell us which link is faulty."
……
After another two days, the parameters of Taiyuan were also calculated, and a load of 61.9 kilograms could be sent into orbit.
Qian Xuesen: "Tang Hua, you are like a god in designing small precision machinery. I entrust you with the design of its new functions. The 60 kg satellite is used for scientific experiments. I guarantee that it can emit radio signals."
Tang Hua: "Of course it's no problem to transmit radio signals. I can let it sing the national anthem in the sky for three years. If I want to add other functions, I have to think about it. Indeed, as long as the first satellite can sing, it will be fine. But if I can only sing, I'm a bit unwilling..."
Qian Xuesen: "I also have to go back and think about the third-stage rocket."
Tang Hua: "Wait, let's go to Beidaihe first. The chairman is there now. To start the space program, many industrial departments across the country need to work together, and even the army... We must move forward as a national team."
……
Beidaihe.
This time during the summer vacation, Tang Hua and Qian Xuesen were not only late, but also in a hurry.Tang Hua has already removed the summer vacation from his schedule. He came here to meet the chairman and hold a meeting.If the project is started, then go back to building satellites immediately.
"This is the missile you successfully tested in early July. It can also launch satellites?" The chairman was a little surprised after hearing Tang Hua's description.
Tang Hua: "The Dongfeng-2 missile can fly to an altitude of about 300 kilometers, with a maximum speed of 3.5 kilometers per second. If an object reaches a speed of 7.9 kilometers per second, it will become an artificial satellite. We can remove the warhead of Dongfeng-2, add a rocket on top of it, and continue to accelerate after it lifts off, so we can put a 60-kilogram satellite into orbit.”
Prime Minister: "The US Presidential Spokesperson announced on July 7 that the United States will launch a satellite within one and a half years, so that there will be American machines in space. Soviet comrades also announced that they are conducting research on artificial satellites. Now it's good. Now, China is also going to march into space.”
Tang Hua: "Not only are we marching into space, but we also want to launch satellites into space as soon as possible, no, to be precise, within half a year. At that time, it depends on whose satellites will be launched faster. There is another reason, this It is also what Director Qian Xuesen has been wanting to do for the past few years."
The chairman and the premier looked at Qian Xuesen.
"Chairman, Prime Minister, the United States is currently researching satellite organizations. There is an organization called the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This laboratory was established in 1943, and I... am one of the first five founders of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This piece I rarely tell people outside, but if..."
"Oh, it turned out to be a personal grievance." The chairman laughed.
Qian Xuesen: ...
"In this matter, you can also put aside the individual. From a large perspective, if our satellite is launched earlier than the United States, it means that the Chinese are no worse than the Americans. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the United States has one, and China can also There is one, and it is better than them, this is something we should be proud of."
……
"The two major rocket-satellite systems now need to be developed urgently, so many departments need to be coordinated. Let me first talk about the mobilization that needs to be done on the satellite," Tang Hua said. "Most of the materials used for the satellite are now available, including the most critical Chips and solar panels can be solved by the Bureau of Electronics and Information Industry, but there is one thing, aluminized polyimide plastic cloth, which requires some work from the Chemical Industry Bureau. The manufacturing and testing of satellites are the key."
After talking with the chairman and the prime minister, and after discussing with the State Planning Commission, the launch vehicle and satellite projects were launched quickly, and relevant departments held a temporary coordination meeting in Beidaihe on the spot.
"The manufacturing of the satellite, since this is a small satellite, there are only 3 main satellites plus two backup satellites, so the specific production can be done by the rocket factory in Tianjin. The design is completed by me with the Beijing Institute of Computer Science and the aerospace professional design team. There are two main needs for the test plant: a vacuum laboratory and a shaking table, and these two facilities must be built urgently, because... from the current plan, they must be completed within three months."
……
Chapter 156, Space is a non-sovereign space shared by mankind!
"The construction of the Taiyuan Rocket Launch Center started in 1955. It has been constructed by our Engineering Bureau of the Ministry of Railways. Today is July 7th... It has been under construction for two years and two months. At present, the foundation has been dug and construction is being accelerated. Stage of installation, scheduled commissioning date is March 25."
Fujishiro said about the situation of the second launch site of the launch vehicle.
"I heard that the latitude of Taiyuan is lower than that of Wuliangsuhai, and the satellite launched from Taiyuan can carry a few tenths of a kilogram more weight. Therefore, the Ministry of Railways is determined to fully support the space program, deploy engineering forces to reinforce Taiyuan, and strive to put it into use in four months. "
Qian Xuesen: "I'm talking directly about launch vehicles. The current Tianjin Rocket Factory can manufacture launch vehicles for launching satellites. The upper stage rocket engine has a solution, because it uses red smoke nitric acid oxidizer and hydrazine fuel like the first and second stages. Here again, there is nothing for the industry to solve. But the nose fairing of the rocket, which requires lightweight aluminum and coatings."
Li Fuchun: "The date of putting into use is four months earlier than the original plan. Pay attention to the quality of the project. The proportion of other industrial construction projects across the country is not high, because now we don't advocate rushing to catch up with the schedule. The Ministry of Railways must pay attention to coordination. Manpower and resources, if there is a situation, ask other ministries to provide support, don't try to solve the problem by yourself."
Li Qiang: "The solution to aerospace tracking radars is that we have newly installed 4 radars in Xinjiang. Although they are used to observe medium-range missiles now, they will definitely test long-range and even intercontinental missiles in the future. Therefore, these 4 radars are reserved in the design. The observation distance and height margin are guaranteed. This radar system is capable of tracking satellites, and the Bureau of Electronics and Information Industry can quickly produce two. I hope that the military engineers who are constructing the radar base can coordinate the progress with us.”
"Red smoke nitric acid... 170 tons, no problem. Hydrazine needs 95 tons. The Ministry of Chemical Industry can start supplying it from early September, 9 tons in September, 9 to 20 tons in October, and increase month by month."
……
At the meeting, the chief accountant did not speak, and kept holding the electronic calculator to calculate, and after a while, he wrote down two lines in the notebook.
"Vice Premier Chen, are you calculating the total cost of the project?" Tang Hua asked next to the chief accountant.
"It's not the total funding, it's the temporary appropriation that the Finance and Economics Committee will increase in the second half of the year."
唐华瞄了一眼，57年7月到12月，要增加支出2205万元。按官价汇率折合是400万美元多一点。按黑市价不到400万美元。
The output of this input is three Long March-1 launch vehicles and three Volunteer Army-1 scientific experiment satellites.In other words, these rockets and satellites are consumables, and what really remains are two factories, five laboratories/test workshops, and the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center, which was completed ahead of schedule, and so on.
As for the initial funds invested from 1955 to 1957, it is still unclear for the time being, but judging from the current estimated money spent, the total cost of the artificial satellite project... seems to be okay.
"Fortunately, the central government has been holding on to a reserve fund of about 50 billion yuan," said the chief accountant. "If the money was not saved last year, it will be difficult for this project today."
Tang Hua: "Vice Premier Chen, don't worry, we'll go for a while, and then we'll stop for two years. After the various technologies are mature, we'll start again. Aerospace will not only be a costly project, but also make money. "
"Aerospace? Can you still make money?" The chief accountant didn't believe it.
Tang Hua nodded and expressed his affirmation: "I can save a lot of money at home, and earn foreign exchange abroad."
……
Moscow.
Few people may have guessed that the first satellite launched by the Soviet Union into space was only now (end of July and beginning of September 57) when it decided to start designing.
Saying this may be a bit misleading and confusing.
Korolev's overall plan is very large. Since 1953, he has been studying satellites and how to send satellites into space. In 1955, Korolev began to design "Project D", which was an artificial satellite of about 1.4 tons. The reason why he chose such a heavy weight was that he estimated that the R-7 rocket/intercontinental missile under development could weigh 1.4 tons. tons of satellites into space.
The satellite "Project D" has complete functions. It can not only launch a model for ground receivers to locate it, but also monitor and record charged particles and cosmic rays in space, and then send them to the ground with an automatic radio transmitter.
The only problem is that according to the development schedule established by Korolev, the satellite will not be launched until May-June 1958.
In July 1957, the press secretary of the White House announced that the United States would launch a satellite, and judging from his words, the Soviet Union felt that the United States might soon launch a satellite.If the Soviet Union's first satellite could only be launched in May-June 7, it is likely to be taken away by the United States.
"The launch time of Project D is too late, and our satellite project must be brought forward."
The head of the General Machine Building Department (in charge of ballistic missiles and launch vehicles) said with concern: