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"The ore is made of siderite with a grade of 30% to 40%, which is common in Hebei, and the coke is refined from coal produced in Tangshan Coal Mine. It is equipped with a lime kiln."
……
Small blast furnaces and small steel mills.
This is not that kind of soil blast furnace, but a small blast furnace, a blast furnace with an effective furnace capacity of less than 100 cubic meters.Serious blast furnace ironmaking, open hearth steelmaking, and a small steel plant with an annual output of 1.4 to 1.5 tons.
If there is anything strange, it is that this steel mill can use no electricity at all, either using a steam engine as a power source, or manpower to tap iron and slag.So this steel mill looks like technology from the late 19th century.
Just because electricity is not used and there is an upper limit to the size of machinery that can be operated by manpower, the blast furnace must be a small blast furnace.
In fact, in 1957~1958, most of the first batch of repairs were small and serious steel factories, but then they gradually fell into chaos.
"The national production you mentioned just now actually missed one," Tang Hua said, "cars."
Lu Da: "The address of the steel factory is 3.2 kilometers away from the nearest railway station, and it is now equipped with 10 trucks. If other steel factories are further away from the railway in the future, the number of cars required will increase accordingly. If there are no cars... "
Tang Hua: "I just want to remind you about the problem of cars. If you build other steel plants, cars are a must, and no substitutes are considered. Using carts and trolleys consumes too much manpower, and it affects the efficiency of the blast furnace. Now the blast furnace What is the lifespan?"
Ruda: "One to one and a half years."
"Try to improve the life of the furnace lining with charcoal. This blast furnace has achieved parallel connection of fans, which is good. Next, we will consider multi-nozzle combustion and steam ash cleaning. Now the ore grade in the furnace is 30%~40%?"
"Yes, 32% was used in the last month. 40% and above are given priority to large steel mills. Hebei is building a central beneficiation plant for such small steel mills to increase the grade of incoming iron ore."
Tang Hua now feels that it is still necessary to build a small steel plant.
The modern steel plants aided by the Soviet Union are designed to have an annual output of at least 80 tons, and up to 250 million tons. However, the steel produced by these key enterprises has been arranged, either for the production of heavy equipment, or for the production of automobiles and ships, or for the supply of Refining blast furnaces for the production of special equipment and weaponry.
In contrast, the most popular cheap steel is actually relatively small.For example, steel bars and rebars for construction.
In the future, there will be a gap in this kind of popular steel, which will drive the infrastructure units across the country crazy, looking for people to rely on connections to buy construction steel.
After all, the industries assisted by the Soviet Union were bought by us with loans. In order to save money, the scale of all factories is a carefully calculated system, which is only planned for pillar industries. For example, how much special steel is needed here, then build a special steel factory , and then allocate a steel plant according to the capacity of the special steel plant.
"Now the Iron and Steel Industry Bureau still has about a year. You continue to perfect and improve this model steel factory. After one year, the technical status will be sealed, and the model factory will become a real model factory. Build a batch.” Tang Hua said, “There are two basic requirements: first, the quality of the steel and iron materials produced must be fully qualified; second, the comprehensive calculation cost should not exceed 120% of that of large iron and steel enterprises. In the next year , all improvements are made around how to meet these two requirements, and on the basis of meeting the standards, we must do our best."
Chapter 22, Watches, Machine Tools and Submachine Guns
By the second decade of the 21st century, China will use more than 2 million tons of steel for construction every year, accounting for almost half of the annual steel output.
This is based on the high-speed infrastructure that has lasted for more than 90 years since the 20s, and 4 million tons of construction steel are used every year.
In fact, the steel used in construction is not particularly difficult to make. Most of the steel used in construction is ordinary carbon steel. As long as it is dephosphorized and desulfurized according to the procedures during smelting, it can be drawn into threaded steel bars, smooth steel bars, and cold-drawn steel wires. There is no problem in building buildings, roads, or bridges that are not too long.
Now there are alloy steel smelting electric furnaces imported from Europe, and two large special steel plants aided by the Soviet Union. It is really unreasonable for construction to cause a shortage of construction steel.
In the last two years of the First Five-Year Plan, the state increased investment in infrastructure construction, and it started in 2. In 1956, there was a general shortage of steel products throughout the country, so we had to rush to make steel.This is one of the manifestations of the "unbalanced development of some industries in the national economy" mentioned in the historical summary of the First Five-Year Plan.
It is definitely too late to start the steel industry when there is a shortage of steel. If you want to start something like the steel industry, you have to start three years in advance.
But now the "exquisite small blast furnace" Tang Hua asked the Iron and Steel Industry Bureau to build, the operation and construction are still very particular.
Be close to railways or river waterways, and be no more than 10 kilometers away from inland ports and railway stations;
Simple processing integration of iron smelting, steelmaking and carbon steel, one factory in place;
Scientific dephosphorization and desulfurization;
Fine management and cost control;
Middle and low-grade iron ore in the North China Plain set up a central concentrator in the mine. The low-quality ore dug out was first screened, and the stones were picked out, and then supplied to various small iron and steel factories in North China by train;
Each factory must have a long-term plan for the source of coal and iron ore and a consumption plan for the steel it produces.
In this way, the main distribution areas of small iron and steel factories in the future will be North China and along the Yangtze River, and other places where natural conditions are not available may not be built temporarily.
But it's better not to be able to build it than to be built and not function properly.
……
Beiheyan Street, Dongcheng District, Office of the State Planning Commission.
Tang Hua walked into the office area, and the chief accountant was coming out of the building.
"Vice Premier Chen, are you in such a hurry to go out?"
"The chairman wants me to go to Hangzhou immediately." The chief accountant said, "Oh, by the way, Qian Xuesen went to the Northeast for inspection and has come back."
"Then he'll probably start writing a report when he comes back."
"That's it," the chief accountant lowered his voice, "Qian Xuesen made some reports and lectures along the way, but the cadres and technicians who attended the lectures said that his lectures were difficult to understand, the concepts he taught were deep, and the calculation process was too simple or Not at all, and the students who attended the class raised their hands to ask questions, and sometimes he didn't necessarily answer."
"Is that so..."
Tang Hua pondered.
……
"Old Qian? When did you come back?" Tang Hua called Qian Xuesen's place from the office.
"The day before yesterday. I was writing a report and wanted to confirm some details with you."
"Leave the report aside. In the afternoon, I will give a training class on industrial planning and science and technology to a group of cadres from the southwestern provinces. You should also come and listen in."
Qian Xuesen: "That's it? I'm in the Northeast..."
"I know. Vice Premier Chen told me. Then Vice Premier Chen asked me to set an example."
Of course, Qian Xuesen knew that his high-cold lecture style would confuse many lecturers.However, when he was in some classes, he felt that the students in the audience did not need to accept this kind of knowledge, so he just finished explaining the concepts hastily.
"These local cadres are not too different from the cadres you gave lectures to listen to when you were in the Northeast," Tang Hua said. In the battle of the year, the cadres who were promoted from the local area also persisted in the struggle until the founding of the country under extremely difficult conditions. There was no problem with their personal ability and character. Not very literate."
Qian Xuesen: "I know all this. But in the future, shouldn't our work be carried out step by step? High-level consultations, plans are passed, and they implement the plans, and that's it."
Tang Hua: "I also believe in the party spirit of the cadres. I believe that they will obey the organizational discipline and resolutely implement the orders of their superiors. However, if the cadres at all levels can learn more about a certain project or project, they can discuss it later. It will be much easier to communicate with them. Also, I don’t think they will necessarily fail to learn basic general science and scientific principles.”
……
"Comrades present here, we don't have to be so formal in class today. I just use this classroom and use this podium to chat with everyone and chat about family affairs." The first sentence Tang Hua said made the students relax.
"Everyone has distributed a handout, which seems to be very thick, but don't worry, I won't explain the contents of the handout one by one today. You can take these handouts back in your bag. When you want to read it, you think you need to read it. , just turn it out and read it. Today I talk for two hours, in fact, there is only one purpose: to teach you when to read that book."
"I am a member of the State Planning Commission and the Minister of Heavy Industry of the Government Council, so today I will start talking about heavy industry and light industry."
After Tang Hua finished speaking, he turned on the slide projector and put on a slide, on which were three items of "Military Industry", "Heavy Industry" and "Light Industry", with boxes drawn on them.
"Just now we agreed to talk about heavy industry and light industry, and now a military industry is inserted, which is a bit complicated. ... But after the military industry is added, it is not complicated, because we will actually only talk about one thing next: industry. Heavy industry, Both light industry and military industry are industries."